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Ovarian cancer begins when abnormal cells in the ovaries grow uncontrollably and form a tumor. The ovaries are two small glands in the female reproductive system responsible for producing eggs and hormones such as estrogen and progesterone.
In its early stages, ovarian cancer often goes unnoticed because symptoms are either mild or easily mistaken for common health issues.
Ovarian cancer may cause:
Persistent bloating or abdominal swelling
Feeling full quickly while eating
Unexplained weight loss
Pelvic pain or discomfort
Constant fatigue
Back pain
Digestive changes, including constipation
Needing to urinate more frequently
While anyone with ovaries can develop ovarian cancer—including women, transgender men, and non-binary individuals—certain factors raise the risk:
Family history of ovarian cancer (mother, sister, aunt, grandmother)
Inherited genetic changes (BRCA1, BRCA2, Lynch syndrome)
Endometriosis
Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) use
Being overweight or obese
Older age, especially after menopause
Never having been pregnant
Taller body frame
The exact cause of ovarian cancer remains unclear. However, age, genetics, and lifestyle factors influence the likelihood of developing it.
A “risk factor” is anything that makes the disease more likely, while “protective factors” are things that reduce the chance of it occurring.
It’s important to remember: having one or more risk factors does not mean you will definitely get ovarian cancer—it only means your chances may be higher.
Receiving an ovarian cancer diagnosis can be overwhelming. It’s common to feel a mix of emotions, including:
Shock, confusion, or numbness
Fear and uncertainty about the future
Anger, guilt, or sadness
These reactions are natural, and everyone experiences them differently.
Seeking support—from healthcare professionals, family, friends, or support groups—can make coping easier. Taking care of your mental and emotional health is just as important as managing physical treatment.