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Oral cancer (mouth cancer) is the most common type of head and neck cancer, typically affecting people aged 60 and older. It can develop on the lips, the front part of the tongue, the roof or floor of the mouth, and the oropharynx (which includes the back of the tongue, tonsils, and throat walls).
It often appears as white patches, sores, or other changes inside the mouth that do not heal. If left untreated, oral cancer can spread to other parts of the head and neck. Around 63% of people diagnosed with oral cavity cancer survive at least five years after diagnosis.
Oral cancer is a broad term for cancers affecting the inside of the mouth. Unlike common mouth problems, such as temporary sores, cancerous changes persist and do not heal on their own. Early detection and treatment are crucial to prevent its spread to surrounding tissues.
Oral cancer is a broad term for cancers affecting the inside of the mouth. Unlike common mouth problems, such as temporary sores, cancerous changes persist and do not heal on their own. Early detection and treatment are crucial to prevent its spread to surrounding tissues.
Seek medical or dental advice if you have any of these symptoms for more than two weeks:
Persistent sore, lump, irritation, or thick patch in your mouth, lip, or throat
White or red patch inside your mouth
Ongoing sore throat, hoarseness, or the feeling of something stuck in your throat
Lump in the neck
Difficulty chewing, swallowing, or speaking
Difficulty moving the jaw or tongue
Swelling in the jaw that causes dentures to fit poorly
Pain, bleeding, or numbness in the mouth
Ear pain without an ear infection
Treatment depends on the location, size, type of tumor, stage of cancer, and the patient’s overall health. Possible treatments include:
Surgery – to remove the tumor
Radiation therapy – used alone in early stages or combined with other treatments
Chemotherapy – especially for advanced stages
Targeted therapy – drugs that specifically attack cancer cells
Immunotherapy – boosts the body’s immune system to fight cancer
Head and neck surgeons
Oral and maxillofacial surgeons
Otolaryngologists (ENT doctors)
Medical and radiation oncologists
Support teams: dentists, reconstructive surgeons, speech pathologists, dietitians, genetic counselors, and mental health professionals
Smoking, smokeless tobacco, and vaping greatly increase oral and throat cancer risk
Smokeless tobacco can cause leukoplakia (white or gray lesions) that may become cancerous
These products damage genes that protect against cancer
Heavy and prolonged alcohol use raises oral cancer risk
Alcohol reduces the body’s ability to fight cancer
Smoking + Drinking together increases risk significantly
Limit: Women → 1 drink/day, Men → 2 drinks/day
Dentists often detect early signs of oral cancer
Early detection improves treatment success
Visit your dentist every 6 months and maintain good oral hygiene
HPV, especially strain HPV16, is linked to throat cancers
HPV-related cancers are common in men aged 40–50s
Vaccination (ages 9–26) helps prevent HPV-related cancers
Practice safe sex to reduce HPV transmission risk
Prolonged sun exposure increases lip cancer risk
Use sunscreen and SPF 30+ lip balm
Avoid peak sun hours (10 a.m.–4 p.m.)
Wear wide-brimmed hats and UV-protective sunglasses
Yes. In India, nearly 20% of oral cancer cases now occur in individuals under 45, compared to just 5–10% two decades ago. The rise is linked to increased use of smokeless tobacco, areca nut, poor diet, and low awareness. Early detection and lifestyle changes are vital.
Common early symptoms include persistent sores, lumps on the tongue, and difficulty swallowing. Recognizing these signs early and visiting a healthcare professional promptly can improve outcomes significantly.
Yes. A recent study found that individuals who smoke cigarettes and also have cannabis use disorder are 624% more likely to develop oral cancer within five years compared to cigarette users who don’t use cannabis.
Dentists can often detect early signs of oral cancer before you notice symptoms. A simple dental exam, which takes just a few minutes, can spot suspicious patches or lumps and refer you for further evaluation.
Absolutely. Poor oral hygiene can lead to chronic inflammation, harmful bacteria, sores, and tooth loss—all of which elevate the risk of oral and related cancers. Regular brushing, flossing, and dental check-ups are key preventive steps.