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Lymphoma is a type of cancer that begins in the lymphatic system, an essential part of the body’s immune system that helps fight infections and diseases. It occurs when lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell) undergo changes and grow uncontrollably, forming cancerous cells.
The lymphatic system is a network of lymph nodes, vessels, and organs including the spleen, thymus, tonsils, and bone marrow. Lymph nodes are located throughout the body, most commonly in the neck, underarms, chest, abdomen, pelvis, and groin. Lymphoma can develop in any of these areas and sometimes spread to other organs.
Hodgkin Lymphoma (HL)
Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL)
Symptoms of lymphoma often resemble those of other, less serious illnesses. If you experience any of these symptoms that persist for weeks, consult a healthcare professional:
Painless swelling of lymph nodes in the neck, underarms, or groin
Persistent fatigue or feeling unusually tired even after rest
Recurrent or prolonged fevers above 103°F (39.5°C)
Night sweats that drench clothes and bedding
Shortness of breath or difficulty breathing
Unexplained weight loss of 10% or more within six months
Lymphoma begins when genetic mutations in white blood cells cause them to grow and divide rapidly instead of dying at the end of their life cycle. Most mutations occur spontaneously, but some factors may increase the risk:
A weakened immune system (e.g., post-organ transplant medications)
A family history of lymphoma
Viral infections such as HIV, Epstein-Barr virus, or Kaposi’s sarcoma virus
Autoimmune diseases where the immune system attacks the body’s own tissues
Diagnosis usually starts with a physical exam and medical history review, followed by a biopsy of a lymph node or affected tissue. If lymphoma is suspected, additional tests may include:
Blood Tests: Complete blood count (CBC), ESR, LDH, liver and kidney function tests, and serum protein electrophoresis
Imaging Tests: CT, MRI, or PET scans to assess the spread of the disease
Treatment plans depend on the type of lymphoma, its stage, and the patient’s overall health. Common approaches include:
Chemotherapy
Radiation Therapy
Targeted Therapies
CAR T-Cell Therapy
For slow-growing (indolent) lymphomas, doctors may recommend active monitoring rather than immediate treatment, and some individuals may never require aggressive therapy.
A lymphoma diagnosis affects not only patients but also their loved ones. Support networks, counseling, and resources can help families navigate emotional and practical challenges. Stories from other patients and families often provide hope and understanding.